EU

As financial markets become increasingly sensitive to global developments, geopolitical instability has reemerged as a central theme impacting investor sentiment and economic projections. From ongoing conflicts in Europe and the Middle East to escalating tensions in East Asia and U.S. political shifts, markets in 2024–2025 are navigating a complex web of uncertainty.

In recent years, the European Union has taken bold steps to regulate the digital economy, aiming to foster fair competition, innovation, and user freedom. One of its most prominent moves is the introduction of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) - a landmark regulation that came into effect in May 2023, after being formally adopted in March 2022.

On April 23, 2025, the European Union imposed significant fines on Apple and Meta Platforms for violations of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), a regulation aimed at promoting fair competition in the digital sector.